コミュニタス(Communitas)--用語集(2)

 

Communitas

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Roman fresco Villa dei Misteri Pompeii 001.jpg
Initiation at the Villa of Mysteries, Pompeii, a rite of passage expressing communitas
Social and cultural anthropology

Communitas is a Latin noun commonly referring either to an unstructured community in which people are equal, or to the very spirit of community. It also has special significance as a loanword in cultural anthropology and the social sciences. Victor Turner, who defined the anthropological usage of communitas, was interested in the interplay between what he called social 'structure' and 'antistructure'; Liminality and Communitas are both components of antistructure.[1]

Communitas refers to an unstructured state in which all members of a community are equal allowing them to share a common experience, usually through a rite of passage. Communitas is characteristic of people experiencing liminality together. This term is used to distinguish the modality of social relationship from an area of common living. There is more than one distinction between structure and communitas. The most familiar is the difference of secular and sacred. Every social position has something sacred about it. This sacred component is acquired during rites of passages, through the changing of positions. Part of this sacredness is achieved through the transient humility learned in these phases, this allows people to reach a higher position.

 

 
 

 

Victor and Edith Turner

Communitas is an acute point of community. It takes community to the next level and allows the whole of the community to share a common experience, usually through a rite of passage. This brings everyone onto an equal level: even if you are higher in position, you have been lower and you know what that is.

Turner (1969, Pg.132; see also [2]) distinguishes between:

  • existential or spontaneous communitas, the transient personal experience of togetherness; e.g. that which occurs during a counter-culture happening.
  • normative communitas, which occurs as communitas is transformed from its existential state to being organized into a permanent social system due to the need for social control.
  • ideological communitas, which can be applied to many utopian social models.

Communitas as a concept used by Victor Turner in his study of ritual has been criticized by anthropologists. See John Eade & Michael J. Sallnow's Contesting the Sacred (1991)

Edith Turner, Victor's widow and anthropologist in her own right, published in 2011[3] a definitive overview of the anthropology of communitas, outlining the concept in relation to the natural history of joy, including the nature of human experience and its narration, festivals, music and sports, work, disaster, the sacred, revolution and nonviolence, nature and spirit, and ritual and rites of passage.

Paul and Percival Goodman

Main article: Communitas (book)

Communitas is also the title of a book published in 1947 by the 20th-century American thinker and writer Paul Goodman and his brother, Percival Goodman. Their book examines three kinds of possible societies: a society centered on consumption, a society centered on artistic and creative pursuits, and a society which maximizes human liberty. The Goodmans emphasize freedom from both coercion by a government or church and from human necessities by providing these free of cost to all citizens who do a couple of years of conscripted labor as young adults.

Roberto Esposito

In 1998, Italian philosopher Roberto Esposito published a book under the name Communitas challenging the traditional understanding of this concept. It was translated in English in 2010 by Timothy Campbell. In this book, Esposito offers a very different interpretation of the concept of communitas based on a thorough etymological analysis of the word: "Community isn't a property, nor is it a territory to be separated and defended against those who do not belong to it. Rather, it is a void, a debt, a gift to the other that also reminds us of our constitutive alterity with respect to ourselves."[4] He goes on with his "deconstruction" of the concept of communitas:

"From here it emerges that communitas is the totality of persons united not by a "property" but precisely by an obligation or a debt; not by an "addition" but by a "subtraction": by a lack, a limit that is configured as an onus, or even as a defective modality for him who is "affected", unlike for him who is instead "exempt" or "exempted". Here we find the final and most characteristic of the oppositions associated with (or that dominate) the alternative between public and private, those in other words that contrast communitas to immunitas. If communis is he who is required to carry out the functions of an office ― or to the donation of a grace ― on the contrary, he is called immune who has to perform no office, and for that reason he remains ungrateful. He can completely preserve his own position through a vacatio muneris. Whereas the communitas is bound by the sacrifice of the compensatio, the immunitas implies the beneficiary of the dispensatio."[5]

"Therefore the community cannot be thought of as a body, as a corporation in which individuals are founded in a larger individual. Neither is community to be interpreted as a mutual, intersubjective "recognition" in which individuals are reflected in each other so as to confirm their initial identity; as a collective bond that comes at a certain point to connect individuals that before were separate. The community isn't a mode of being, much less a "making" of the individual subject. It isn't the subject's expansion or multiplication but its exposure to what interrupts the closing and turns it inside out: a dizziness, a syncope, a spasm in the continuity of the subject."[6]

Others

For more on this perspective, see also Jean-Luc Nancy's paper "The Confronted Community"[7] as well as his book The Inoperative Community.[8] See also Maurice Blanchot's book The Unavowable Community (1983)[9] which is an answer to Jean-Luc Nancy's Inoperative Community. Giorgio Agamben engages in a similar argument about the concept of community in his 1990 book The Coming Community (translated in English by Michael Hardt in 1993).[10] Finally, on the American side, see The Community of Those Who Have Nothing in Common by Alphonso Lingis.[11] Christian author Alan Hirsch used the term to describe a more active, tighter-knit community in his book "The Forgotten Ways: Reactivating the Missional Church."[1]

References

 

  • Turner, V. (1974). Dramas, Fields, and Metaphors: Symbolic Action in Human Society. Cornell University Press. pp. 273-4.
  • Olaveson, T. (2001). Collective Effervescence and Communitas: Processual Models of Ritual and Society in Emile Durkheim and Victor Turner. Dialectical Anthropology, 26, pp. 105.
  • Turner, Edith. 2012. Communitas: The Anthropology of Collective Joy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Stanford University Press : Communitas. The Origin and Destiny of Community by Roberto Esposito, translated by Timothy C. Campbell
  • ESPOSITO, Roberto ([1998]2010). Communitas. The Origin and Destiny of Community, tr. by Timothy Campbell, Stanford: Stanford University Press, p.6
  • ESPOSITO, Roberto ([1998]2010). Communitas. The Origin and Destiny of Community, tr. by Timothy Campbell, Stanford: Stanford University Press, p.7
  • NANCY, Jean-Luc ([2001]2003). "The Confronted Community", Postcolonial Studies, Vol. 6 no. 1, pp. 23-36
  • NANCY, Jean-Luc ([1983] 1991). The Inoperative Community, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. This essay was first published in the French magazine Aléa, which was edited at that time by Christian Bourgois. Cf. Jean-Luc Nancy, La communauté désoeuvrée, Paris: Christian Bourgois, 1983
  • BLANCHOT, Maurice ([1983]1988). 'The Unavowable Community', Station Hill Press
  • AGAMBEN, Giorgio ([1990]1993). The Coming Community, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 1993 Google Books Preview

 

  1. LINGIS, Alphonso (1994). The Community of Those Who Have Nothing in Common, Indiana: Indiana University Press. Google Books Preview

External links

 

 

コミュニタス【communitas】

日常的な秩序が逆転・解体した非日常的な社会状態。文化人類学者 V ＝ターナーの用語。無礼講・カーニバルなどの祭礼や，一揆などの社会運動にみられる。
 
 
 

出典｜三省堂
(C) Sanseido Co.,Ltd. 編者：松村明 編 発行者：株式会社 三省堂 ※ 書籍版『大辞林第三版』の図表・付録は収録させておりません。 ※ それぞれの用語は執筆時点での最新のもので、常に最新の内容であることを保証するものではありません。

世界大百科事典内のコミュニタスの言及

【巡礼】より

…巡礼の順序としては，出発前の身の清め，祝い，ざんげ，道々の礼拝，聖地での礼拝，ミラグロ(奇跡を祈願する奉納品で，足や心臓の形 をした小さな金属製品)，ペディメント(動物，家など祈願物をかたどった物)やエクス･ボト(絵馬)の奉納，ダンスの奉納，フェリア(市)への参加，川や 泉での身の清め，帰路，という順序が普通認められる。　人類学者V.ターナーは巡礼を，日常性の構造であるコミュニティに対置する反構造としてのコミュニ タスcommunitasとしてとらえた。彼によればコミュニタスとは，平等で個性にあふれた人々の間に自然に発生する状態であり，特定の実利的目標に向 けて構造化された社会の特殊的性格に対して，その普遍的，解放的性格が強調される。…

【通過儀礼】より

…またグラックマンM.Gluckmanは通過儀礼を個人の身分が変化するにあたって，その社会関係が不安定化するのを避けようとする 機能をもつものと考えた。ターナーV.Turnerの，変動期の集団に見られる無構造･無体制的状況としての〈コミュニタスcommunitas〉論は， ファン･ヘネップの通過儀礼における〈過渡〉の概念を発展させ，その無限定的属性から象徴論的に儀礼の本質に迫ろうとしたものである。また宗教学的立場か らM.エリアーデは，通過儀礼を自然的存在として生まれた人間が，特定の文化のなかで，多くの儀礼を通過することによって，その文化における宗教的人間の 理想に近づくプロセスとみなした。…